Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Legal Aspects of Contract Adminitration (LAW) Coursework

Legal Aspects of Contract Adminitration (LAW) - Coursework Example The contract becomes valid only if it fulfilled all the legal requirements. Contract is the agreement enforceable by law so that agreement may be either for tender or for acceptance. The offer become valid only if it meets the entire requirement specified in the contract law in Australia. Those are as follows, There are normally six important ingredients essential for lawfully connecting the contract development. That are (1) agreement it consists of offer and acceptances made by the parties to the contract, (2) Offer must be made for the Consideration either in terms of money, property etc., (3) ability to enter lawful relationship between the parties to the contract it means the party to the contract must possess sound mind as well as majority of age, (4) Intention by the groups to enter into lawful affiliations, (5) must fulfill the requirement of the valid contract and (6) certainty. Contract may sometimes also turn into illegal contract if it fails to fulfill the requirements. The Australian lawful scheme is based on a basic faith in the rule of  law, fairness and the autonomy of the judiciary. An offer may be broken by revocation, rejection or drop. An acceptance is, usually conversation; a whole and ineffectual assent to the complete the circumstances that include an offer. Inten tions must be understandable and extremely a great deal evident previous to creation whichever contract. In this particular case Mr. A who thinks that he had concluded an agreement through Mr. B to buy a one third interest in D pvt. Limited from Mr. But at the same time Mr. B sold the same to Mr. C. On the other hand Mr. A notifies that he thinks an agreement among Mr. A and Mr. B to but the interest had previously been arrived at as the effect of two or three emails exchanged through Mr. B. In The first mail itself Mr. A sent Mr B a draft contract prepared through the lawyer on with no prejudice base. Second mail was sent by the Mr. B to Mr. A. In this

Monday, October 28, 2019

Whats the Most Important Essay Example for Free

Whats the Most Important Essay The world breathes onto us, and in return, each of us breathes onto the world. Life, happiness, and passion are wound around the essence of our beings like white doves flocking about an ancient colossus bathed by the sun of life, a magnificent structure we shape with our own hands each day, every day. We are what we value and what we believe of ourselves. We are capable of as much or as little as we lead ourselves to believe. We have the gift of free-will to decide each day, each hour, each minute who we are and what we will do the coming day and each day after that. We make choices every day, we live everyday, and in grief, a little of us dies every day. But like the surf rolling across the beach of time, the sands of life are replenished with each stroke of the tide. Nature always returns what she takes away. Within each of us is the embodiment of life. We live every day. Each of us has within our beings hopes and dreams. Within our souls we hold our values and our beliefs about the universe. And next to our hearts we hold our ideals and our passions. Like hundreds of thousands of candles shining in the darkness, we are one in ourselves and one together. Each of us is never quite as alone as we ever think we are. And by living everyday we find meaning in ourselves, meaning in our lives, and meaning in our hearts, however brief each of the flames burning in our souls shines in this vast symphony of stars. On one level we simply are. On another we must also recognize that through living, we also make choices about who we will become. We touch others every day with our words, with our words, our actions, and with our joy and our grief. And they in turn touch our hearts in similar ways. The world isnt always perfect, but the choices we make are ours alone, based solidly upon our values and ideals. We may choose every day to be angels, granting wishes, helping those in need, caring, and inspiring others with our words, with our passions, with our hopes and our dreams. We may believe however we wish about the universe- whether God created man or man created God- the choices we make every day are still ours. And subsequently we have the responsibility to look at ourselves each day and ask ourselves who we are and what is it thats truly important to each of us. Whats important to me? What should I do differently today that didnt work yesterday? Am I happy with the choices I made? What can I do from this point on about who I am inside to make myself a better person if Im not happy with who I am now? What do I fear and why? And what is it thats really important in my life? Is acquiring material wealth no matter the cost really that important? Is being seen, worshiped, or placed on a pedestal really that important to make me feel like a worthwhile individual? Is feeling that I fit in a group so important that its worth sacrificing my ideals, values, and everything I believe? We are each one flame among billions, each blessed with the greatest gift of all, the freedom to choose. Life is all about choices, touching others, and being touched by the acts of others each day. Its about who we really are. Its about finding our true selves and being honest about what we feel and what we believe every hour of every day. It is absolutely important that each of us never surrender those things we feel are right and true within ourselves. To do so would only leave us feeling like weve betrayed the foundations of who we are. Never surrender the honesty of your hopes, your dreams, or your values, no matter what anyone says. In the end, the person you really have to live with isnt your parents, your friends, or those who pressure you into doing things. Its YOU. Never forget from where you came. Never lose sight of where you are. And always look forward to where you want to go to chart your course over the great oceans of life. Some will navigate by the stars, some by the charts, and others by the winds alone. They all reach destinations and exotic ports of call eventually. Some stop for a while, while others journey on. But the memory of their journey will be recounted from the lips of the other travelers they met along the way. Some will recall the friendships they forged with them if not for a little while, others will recall their choices at difficult crossroads. But the most poignant memories will often be the acts of compassion or courage that left forth from their hearts because it was who they were.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Leni Riefenstahl Essay -- essays research papers fc

Leni Riefenstahl Leni Riefenstahl, a dazzling individual that has lived through and experienced many things that no other person may have. She has lived through the World War One, Great Depression, Nazi Germany, World War Two, the Cold war and September 11. However, what fascinates historians and people all over was her involvement and relationship with Hitler and the Nazis party. This report will look over Leni’s early to role as director of her Infamous films Triumph of the Will and Olympia and her involvement and view of Nazism and Hitler. Helene Bertha Amelie (Leni) was born on 22 August 1902 in Berlin. Leni lived in a comfortable middle-class family. Since a young age Leni has had a passion for dance. Leni’s dancing career began in the 1920s, during the Weimar republic that saw the birth of a culturally and politically diverse nation. Max Reinhardt, a prominent producer hired Leni as a dancer. Leni soon extended her talents to choreography. Her dancing career suffered due to a continuos knee injuries and one in particular in 1925, when she performed Prague. However, her life was going to under go a dramatic change that would lead her to acting and finally directing. Suddenly the image of a man climbing a jagged mountain came into focus. The colourful poster was promoting a movie with predictive name â€Å"Mountain of Destiny†. Leni instantly became entranced with the movie and soon went off to meet Arnold Fanck who would open the world of cinema to Leni. She stared in six of his movies, such as The Holy Mountain, The Big Jump and the White Hell of Pitz Palu, where she was portrayed as the hero and where her physical proficiency was displayed (which has always been a male domain). Franck had become her mentor and it been his opening scene of the ‘The magic mountain’ that Hitler admired. In 1932 the political situation in Germany was intensifying. The Republic was crumbling and the great depression was taking its toll on the German people. Leni was not greatly affected by the depression and saw little of the violence that was occurring. In Berlin she was persuaded by friends to attend a political rally at Sportsplatz where Hitler would give an address. Instantly Leni had become spellbound by Hitler as he did upon thousands-‘He radiated something very powerful,’ she later observed, ‘something which had a kind of hypotonic effect.’ Inspired by Hitler, Leni ... ...after the event. Bibliography Republic to Reich: A history of Germany 1918-1945 (K.J. Mason) 2003 This text was useful for my research, because it gave a good overview of the life of Leni Riefenstahl and it examined her two controversial films Triumph of the Will and Olympia. It also gives names of Historians and of the historical debates. I used the text through understanding what it was saying and compared it to my opinion of Leni. I used quotes from the text, which it had taken from historians, or other texts. A Portrait of Leni Riefenstahl (Audrey Salkeld) 1996 The text was quite and interesting as it presented the views of not only Audrey but of other historians. The text gave me both views of the debate over Leni. It also helped me in determining my standing over the debates surrounding Riefenstahl. I used quotes from the text and used it in my reports. http://www.thesportjournal.org/2001Journal/fall/olympia.htm http://courses.washington.edu/ger371/riefenstahl/biography.html http://womenshistory.about.com/od/riefenstahl/ Teaching History: Leni Riefenstahl Sources and Debates (Andrew G. Bonnell) 2001 http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,12589,1038696,00.html

Thursday, October 24, 2019

GM crops Essay

For thousands of years farmers have used a process of selection and cross breeding to improve the quality of our crops. The problem with GM crops is that there is little known about what effect they will have in 20 years’ time. The genetic structure of any living organism is complex and GM crop tests focus on short-term effects. Not all the effects of introducing a foreign gene into the intricate genetic structure of an organism are tested. Will the pests that a crop was created to resist eventually become resistant to this crop? GM crops may also pose a health risk to native animals that eat them. The animals may be poisoned by the built-in pesticides. Tests in the U. S. showed that 44% of caterpillars of the monarch butterfly died when fed large amounts of pollen from GM corn. Very little scientific information exists about the risk of GM food on human health. One major report by Dr. Arpad Pusztai, explains how GM foods could trigger new allergies and contain toxins that may be harmful. Another concern is disease. Since some crops are modified using the DNA from viruses and bacteria, will we see new diseases emerge? What about the GM crops that have antibiotic-resistant marker genes? Marker genes are used by scientists to determine whether their genetic modification of a plant was successful. Will these antibiotic-resistant genes be transferred to microorganisms that cause disease? We already have a problem with ineffective antibiotics. How can we develop new drugs to fight these new bugs? Then there is always the possibility that we may not be able to destroy GM crops once they spread into the environment. Proponents of GM crops claim that advantages may be many, such as: Improved storage and nutritional quality Pest and disease resistance Selective herbicide tolerance Tolerance of water, temperature and saline extremes Improved animal welfare Higher yields and quality Cross-pollination is a concern for both GM crops and conventional breeding, especially with the more serious weeds that are closely related to the crops. With careful management this may be avoided. They are an ever-increasing problem and genetic engineering promises to stop it. But will genes from GM plants spread to other plants, creating superweeds and superbugs we won’t be able to control? When looking at the environmental impacts of grass- and grain-fed beef, â€Å"there is a 500% increase in greenhouse gas emissions for each pound of beef produced from grass-fed compared to grain-fed cattle. Uncontrolled nitrogen and phosphate release to the environment, 35% more water use, and 30% more land use for grass-fed cattle compared to grain-fed increases the environmental impact of strictly grass feeding. † Cholesterol content does not differ between grass- or grain-fed beef. Today, there is an estimated two-thirds of all our products in supermarkets contain genetically engineered ingredients, including; tortilla chips, drink mixes, taco shells, veggie burgers, muffin mix, and baby formulas. But only one-third of Americans are aware that their food contain genetically engineered ingredients, despite the findings of surveys that 85 to 90% of consumers want clear labeling of all genetically engineered foods. Because labeling is not yet required by government regulations, nor practiced by biotech companies, there is absolutely no way for consumers to know what it is that they are eating. The public has not been educated of the inadequacy of genetically modified ingredients in their diets and the possible risks that these foods may entail. The credibility of these geneticists is also questionable because almost all established molecular geneticists have some industrial ties limiting what they can research on, particularly with regard to safety. There is no way of knowing the overall, long-term effects of genetically engineered foods on human health. This unpredictability appears to be causing the most controversy over genetically modified foods, as there is insufficient evidence and need for further research. The effect of the insertion on the biochemistry of the host organism is unknown. The effect of the genetically engineered organism on the environment is unknown. The effect of eating genetically engineered foods is unknown. There is no basis for meaningful risk assessment. There is no recovery plan in case of disaster. It is not even clear, who, if anyone will be legally liable for the negative consequences. There are no consequences among scientists on the safety or on the risks associated with genetic engineering in agriculture. The international community is deeply divided on the issue. In addition to these, genetically engineered foods may cause the removal of important food elements. For example, genetic engineers may intentionally remove or inactivate a substance they consider undesirable in a food, which may have unknown but crucial qualities, such as cancer-inhibiting abilities. Examples such as this are perhaps especially frightening because of the potential to find cures to some of the illnesses and diseases that have already laid claim to many lives. Failure to do further research in this case would be a shame, as it could lead to an elimination of possible breakthroughs in medicine and health. The current state of biotechnology must be fixed because every living organism is affected by it because everything is composed of genes. If the food being consumed contains products of genetic modification, the public is at risk to the unpredictable effects on their own physiology and biochemistry-effects that may not be reversible. Not only could this cause problems in their own lives presently, but it could also affect future generations, in ways that are unforeseen yet preventable. Moreover there is not enough understanding of the principles of genetic engineering to categorize those genetic modifications that may pose a risk and those that may not because genes appear to react in diverse ways when spliced with other genes. Genes are a part of an extremely complex and interconnected network and are constantly reacting to their environment. Further research must be enacted, and biotech companies and the government must do their moral/ethical duty to inform the public, because ultimately, they are the ones making the decisions.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

African sham marriages in the UK Essay

Introduction Acknowledgements                      I would like to thank the following people for their continued support to make the completion of this dissertation a success. My supervisor Harpreet for her continuous advice and guidance through the project, my sociology tutor Hasnain for imparting and equipping me with the necessary knowledge to undertake this project and John the dissertation tutor for his continued advice as I worked through the project. My friends Charity, Becky and Emma for their continued moral support while working on this. My parents too for are highly appreciated for their support. Above all God for making it possible.Statistics from the immigration department in the UK reveal that up to 40,000 visa clearances into the UK were granted on the grounds of family. In comparison to this, 300,000 visas were issued for study purposes and 140000 for work obligations. Most of the visas issued to the UK for family members are those of accompanying marriage partners or fiancà © inst ead of close relationship with the children CITATION Dav01 l 1033 (Jacobs, 2001). This statistical evidence point on the need for the UK government to deal with the increased abuse of right of movement by people into the UK in the name of marriage partnerships of convenience. This is so because of the ease of those moving into the UK beating the stringent immigration controls. The increase in the number of people abusing these immigration laws increase the urgency of dealing with sham marriages especially from Africans moving into the UK. These kinds of marriages of convenience are often used by those whose live in the UK has expired or close to expiry and have often exhausted all available means of extending their stay in the country. Most of the motivation for engaging in these sham marriages activities includes the financial gain from such activities. This paper will therefore have an in-depth examination of the concepts of sham marriages in the UK. An examination of the factors that influence African minorities to engage in such practices will be done. Immigration policies in the UK and existing literature on Sham marriages will be analyzed in addition to sociological reason for the existence of Sham marriages CITATION Tar10 l 1033 (Janoski, 2010). The UK legal system, it is not a criminal offence to engage in sham marriage but rather the prosecution is done of crimes that are related to the offences committed. These include perjury, immigration conspiracy and bigamy. In the event that an immigrant makes an application for entry into the UK and makes claim of civil partnership and it is discovered to be a sham then the person would be ejected from the UK. The UK has put in place different mechanisms and provisions to deal with such cases of people entering the UK through sham marriages. Such measures include scrutiny of these marriages to determine if they are indeed legitimate. Upon discovery of such arrangements being a sham and only a tool of beating the immigration rules certain penalties are applied to them like deterrence which will prevent them from commission of the offences in future. The following are the practices that must be put in place to deal with this menace this include giving the relevant authorities the power to stop a marriage from taking place as soon as discovery is made that it is a sham marriage. A proper definition of what constitutes a marriage should be given in order to properly identify a marriage that is of convenience. Family migration into the UK is quite a common phenomenon. This has happened historically for quite a long time since the early 1960’s. Since then it has become a huge source of immigration into the UK. The integration of the new migrants is dependent on the efforts of the migrants and the social political and economic conditions that are prevalent in the UK. Efforts to restrict the entry of certain migrants into the UK are quite questionable with questions being raised as to whether it is a violation of human rights through the restriction of freedom of movement. Methodology A combination of primary research and secondary research was used for data collection. The under laying research was conducted in order to establish the ability of using web questionnaires as a quantitative method in analyzing married people behaviors as opposed to the traditional use of support-administered questionnaires. For data gathering purposes with focus on couple’s behaviors, the research utilized the use of web questionnaires as quantitative approach with a tally of 40 couples constituting of both males and females. The findings and conclusions credibility is extensively dependent on the research design quality, data collection and management and the final analysis of the data collected. In justifying the means in which the study results were to be obtained, discussed in the underlying chapters are the procedures and methods exploited with a basis on description of data obtained, how the data obtained is to be processed/analyzed, its interpretation and final correlation of collected data to come up with a credible conclusion. Explicitly, the research w ill cover; research design to be utilized and methods, data collection materials, respondents to be analyzed and the data analysis process. Research Method                      Data collected form an online web-based questionnaire will be analyzed after a cumulated period of 14 days after administration of online questionnaires to individual couples. No contact was made between the primary investigator and the couples but they were rather handed sealed envelopes containing consent forms. Those who were inclined to participate after acquisition of consent were top use a link provided in the information sheet sealed in the envelope that guided them to the online questionnaire platform. The platform was designed to give a 14 day open window for questionnaire completion since distribution date with an approximated questions estimated to take around 10 minutes that included a series of variables. The adapted variables will then be scored on the five point Likert scale on the basis of (1=Never, 2 = Not Often, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Often, 5 = Always). Statistical Analysis                      Descriptive and correlated analyses were carried out on all variables with express emphasis being laid on reckless behavior analyses to describe common characteristics among participants. Chi-square tests came into play here to pint out a comparison in the socio-demographics of the study defined as age, gender and cultural identity of the participants in the study. Just like all women in the UK, the immigrant women are highly risked individuals prone to any form of domestic violence. Because of their status it is difficult to report their abuse. The immigrant women who end up in the UK through illegal ways like human trafficking. They, therefore, feel trapped in these abusive relationships because of the stringent laws of immigration, social discrimination, language barrier and lack of financial resources. There have been efforts by the federal UK to pass legislation that is aimed at protecting the immigrant from all forms of domestic violence. The federal laws have opened up safe and new ways to gain citizenship in UK. The domestic abuse issues on immigrant women are still thorny not only to the immigrant women but also women in the UK. Most of the immigrant women that victims of domestic violence are Latinas and Koreans. More so, the brunt of domestic violence is borne by married immigrant women than the unmarried immigrant women CITATION Lou04 l 1033 (Marshall, 2004). The most common form of blackmail in this kind of abusive is the immigration status as a control tool. This is a common tool that makes the partners in these relationships to stay put. This further prolongs the abuse in such a relationship. The immigrant women often are prone to a high rate of abuse because they of the mere fact that they originate form cultures that allow domestic violence and due to the fact that they less access to social and legal services compared to the legal citizens of the UK . Immigrant women who are battered and make attempts to flee the country cannot have access to shelter, food or financial assistance. The barriers the battered women face include the fact that they may not have limited access to a certified court interpreter while reporting any battering complains to the police. Another hurdle they encounter is the difficulty they encounter in the acquisition of information relating to the legal system and their rights CITATION Son09 l 1033 (Sydney, 2009). There have been various efforts to eliminate this violence against immigrant women. The bills have been made into law. The laws are aimed at the reduction of domestic violence in UK. The laws are intended to make the women to report any form of abuse leveled against them to the relevant authorities. These laws are aimed at making some specific protections against the immigrants. These laws are meant to cover even the gay and lesbian community. The laws clearly define the right to obtain some legal protection from the consent. That any person regardless of the legal status has the right to be freed from an abusive spouse. Victims of domestic abuse in UK are to have access to any help offered by the government. These services by the government include interpretation, safety planning, counseling, emergency planning and medical care. If an immigrant does not qualify to get legal representation then the law requires the provision of a legal officer to assist in the resolving of any domestic violence dispute CITATION LEd05 l 1033 (Purcell, 2005). There are several endeavors by the UK governments to make amendments on laws that would protect the immigrant women from any form of domestic violence. The question of immigration has become one of the issues subject to debate in most parts of the world. As a matter of fact, it is among the subjects with legislations being proposed and enacted day in day out. Most countries all over the world have very stringent laws concerning this particular issue. The UK therefore is no exception. Through its law making body, it has come up with a number of laws that tend to restrict immigration into the UK. For instance, the naturalization Act extended the time period for non- residents of the UK to become citizens of the UK to fourteen years. The Alien Friends Act gave the prime minister the authority to deport any residents that were considered by the government to cause any danger to the peace and security of the UK. Finally, the Alien Enemies Act gave the prime minister the authority to appre hend and deport alien citizens in the case that their native countries were at war with the UK. These are just but a small percentage if laws that restrict immigration into the UK. Some of them have been repealed and amended. However, they only get more stringent. Why, one would ask, should non-citizens not be allowed into the UK CITATION Lou04 l 1033 (Marshall, 2004). In the case that the government of the UK allows non-citizens into the country of course through loosening the belt a little in terms of legislation, the economy of the UK is bound to become more efficient. This is because the consequence of immigration would be a reduction in the bottlenecks that face the country in terms of labor shortage, both skilled and unskilled CITATION Jop03 l 1033 (Charles, 2003). This would thereby imply that employment opportunities are created both for the immigrants and the Native Americans. Skilled labor supply in the UK takes a bell shape. This simply implies that there are a high number of people equipped with various skills for various fields but at the same time, there are still an equally high number of unskilled people. This calls for immigration of skilled labor into the country so as to balance the two. Immigrant labor force constitutes about 16 percent of the total labor force in the country. Moreover, in the case that immigration legislations are made less bureaucratic, a conducive environment for investors would be created. Entrepreneurs would be encouraged to come to the country and thereby explore the underutilized resources in the country to their full potential. This would also encourage foreign investors to make an investment in the country. The effects of increased investment to the Gross Domestic Product of a country are known, all positive. CITATION Joh02 l 1033 (Higham, 2002)A constant and sustained rise in the GDP of a country is the true meaning of economic growth and development. Foreign investment also creates employment opportunities for both the citizens and non-citizens of a country. This simply implies that there would be a rise in the per capita income of the country. It is very important to note that increased investment implies increased savings and thereby the credit facilities are also increased. All these point to the economic growth and developme nt of a country. CITATION LEd05 l 1033 (Purcell, 2005)In the event that the UK government allows non- citizens of the country into the country, it would promote cultural interaction and peaceful co-existence to some extent. It is ‘to some extent’ since later in the paper, we shall see how immigration could disrupt the peace that exists within a certain country. The world has a very great population and as such, a lot of diversities exist among the inhabitants of the world. As such, there are bound to be certain prejudices that exist about certain communities, their beliefs and so on and so forth. CITATION TGL10 l 1033 (Lagos, 2010)The best way to deal with such prejudices would be to create a platform through which various people from various parts of the world interact so as to understand each other’s cultures thereby demystifying certain myths and misconceptions that have for a long time been exaggerated. Immigration is one such platform. At the end of the day, peaceful co-existence between people or groups of people from varied social, cultural and economic backgrounds will be achieved. Critics could dispute this school of thought by attempting to compare peaceful co-existence with the cost on security that immigration comes with. CITATION Lou04 l 1033 (Marshall, 2004)Allowing non – citizens into the UK promotes the growth of the military force of the country. It has been recorded that non US citizens have served in the UK army since the time of the Revolutionary War. This implies that this group of people has served in the army for a very long time now. CITATION Rat90 l 1033 (Jekkins, 1990) Every year, there are about 8000 non UK citizens who enroll into the army. However, the military force is indeed a very sensitive section in the defense forces. As such, these non- citizens are subject to a lot of scrutiny and analysis and as such, they are expected to meet a number of requirements. This is owed to the sensitivity of this part icular department. There are certain posts and ranks beyond which a non-citizen cannot serve in the US army. In essence, each rank comes with its own minimal requirements. However, the current government has made attempts to give automatic citizenship to those non-citizens that have served in the UK army. This process, however, is still underway. However, this is a very critical area of security, not just in the UK but in most parts of the world generally. As a result, security, or rather, insecurity, is the main reason as to why there exist stringent laws that restrict immigration into a country. This takes us to the next segment of this paper, where the associated bottlenecks of immigration will be discussed. CITATION LEd05 l 1033 (Purcell, 2005)Indiscriminant immigration is the mother of all the security issues that are witnessed in any country. As a result, the government tries to make laws on immigration more stringent day in day out. The security of a country is one very sensi tive area. CITATION Dav01 l 1033 (Jacobs, 2001) As a matter of fact, the performance of a government is more often than not determined through the achievements it has made in security. At the end of the day, matters security is given number one priority at the expense of any other issue. Terror attacks are more often than not, facilitated by non-citizens of a country. The terrorists attacks 5that took place on the 11th of September in the US had a very great impact on the history of immigration. This is because each and every of the attackers that were able to be identified with respect to this particular attack was foreign born. They were all non- citizens of the America. After these attacks, the government of the UK targeted to ensure that the bar on immigration was raised even higher. As a result, there was the need of creation of policies and enactment of pieces of legislation that by all means, restricted immigration to the latter. This was indeed a period of anti- immigration. It is very important to note however, that at the end of the day, this particular reaction of the government towards immigration was not fruitful at all. This is attributed to the voice of the civil society that is by all means finding its way to the ears of the government. Advocates of civil rights have put forward their argument that the government could be going too far by enacting extra stringent laws that seek to limit or hinder immigration. According to this particular group, the government is, in the process, violating the rights and freedoms of immigrants. CITATION Tar10 l 1033 (Janoski, 2010) The government tends to be focusing more on investigations involving immigrants as opposed to focusing on the severity it is imposing on immigration through the policies that it comes up with. At this point in time therefore, the country is experiencing one of the greatest challenges of civil rights ever. This calls for an immediate remedy. In the case that the government of the UK allows indiscriminate immigration into the country, there would arise the problem of population upsurge. Through the restriction of immigration, the government is in one way or another trying to control the population of its country. Currently, the population of the citizens of the UK of America is rising at a very fast rate. CITATION Son09 l 1033 (Sydney, 2009) The implications of population growth arte one too many, some positive, some negative, with the negative taking a greater proportion. For instance, increased population growth creates a strain on the already scarce social and economic resources. In the event that immigration is not restricted or rather it is guarded by less stringent laws, the extra population would inflate this problem even further. Population growth, moreover, also strains the government. CITATION Joh02 l 1033 (Higham, 2002)The government is charged with the responsibility of service provision. Just like in the case of resources, an extra population would further compound this problem. Therefore, the government tries to control the problem of population upsurge even as it restricts immigration. The government could also aim at establishing, or rather implementing quarantine when it restricts immigration. CITATION Dav01 l 1033 (Jacobs, 2001) Quarantine is the process by which the government restricts the immigration more especially of non- citizens from a country that has been affected by a certain epidemic. This way, it is able to prevent the spread of a certain disease that could be rather harmful to its citizens. A good example is the recent restriction of people from African countries that had been affected by the Ebola virus. This was purely for the good of the people of the UK, considering the severity of this virus. CITATION LEd05 l 1033 (Purcell, 2005)Immigration could dilute the cultural identity of a country, unemployment as well as the depreci8ation of wages in a country. Wages are d etermined in the labor market. As a matter of fact, wages have an inverse relationship with labor, that is, the availability of labor. When labor is easily and readily available, the wages are low. The inverse is also true. When labor is not readily available, the wages are usually high. In the event that non-citizens are indiscriminately allowed into the UK, this would mean that there would be a high supply of labor. As such, labor would be easily and readily available at the end of the day thereby creating a downward pressure on the wages. CITATION Rat90 l 1033 (Jekkins, 1990)This, at the end of the day, would affect both the citizens and non-citizens of the country since they are all part of the labor market. This is a major setback to the economic development of any country as it greatly affects the GDP of a country as well as the Per Capita Income. CITATION Joh02 l 1033 (Higham, 2002) Cultural dilution could also occur as a result of indiscriminate immigration into a country ba sed on citizenship. As seen earlier, indiscriminate immigration would promote the elimination of prejudices that people could have about certain cultures. However, it could in the same way, dilute the cultures of the native land. This is bound to be experienced especially where there is a lot of interaction between the natives and the immigrants. The natives tend to adopt the mannerisms of the immigrants. Through this, a country ends up losing its cultural identity. Final is the problem of unemployment. In one way or another, this is connected with labor. Indiscriminate immigration leads to growth of the labor market as seen earlier. This labor could be both skilled and unskilled. Whichever way, there is bound to be increased manpower. CITATION Dav01 l 1033 (Jacobs, 2001) However, the increased manpower is not necessarily in areas where there was a shortage of labor. In any case, the increased manpower would disrupt the equilibrium that already exists in the labor market. At the end of the day, the supply of labor is too high to the extent that there is a surplus leading to the problem of unemployment. From the analysis above, it is possible to put the benefits as well as the challenges that would come with the government of the UK allowing immigration. As a result, it can be concluded that this act would have its advantages as well as its limitations. However, the downside of less stringent policies on immigration outweighs the advantages or rather the benefits. At the end of the day, immigration would promote growth of labor, cultural integration and so on but at the expense of other issues that are very important to any country, security topping the list. CITATION Lou04 l 1033 (Marshall, 2004)The recommendation arrived at by this research paper would be a slight change in the policies that restrict immigration. Basically, the government should, by all means adjust the policies that it comes up with so as to ensure that the rights of the immigrants are protected but at the same time, the rights of the native citizens are protected as well. This strikes a balance between the right s and freedoms of the two groups. Moreover, the government should also ensure effective implementation of the already existing policies to the latter. Results                      According to the Asylum Act of 1999, the immigration registration officers were required by law to furnish the Home office with evidence in the event that they suspected a marriage was sham and was only made possible for purposes of beating the immigration system. Since 2001, the following figures show the number of reported suspected cases of sham. Year Number of reported suspicious marriages 2001 752 2002 1205 2003 2648 2004 3578 2005 452 2006 282 2007 384 2008 344 2009 561 2010 934 2011 1741 2012 1891 2013 986 From this tabular presentation, it is clear that in 2005 there was a reduction in the number of reported cases of suspicious sham marriages. This is attributed to the government policy of introduction of certificate of approval. Upon suspicion of a marriage being a sham, the immigration officials were legally allowed to make a home visit to the couple’s house to determine if indeed the marriage was genuine. This could lead to arrest of the individuals if it was proved that their relationship was ingà ©nuine. Prosecution and charging in court for the crime of facilitation of illegal immigration would then follow/ There have been different proposal on the amendment of the marriage Act that would result in the alteration of the procedure of marriage notice. The period of notice is proposed to be changed to two weeks from the initial 3 weeks. The notice by license that was initially a day was got rid of. It was mandatory for people to give notice of their nationality and residence this would be beneficial to get rid of the concept of sham marriages. The scheme of certificate of approval was used as a government strategy to get rid of sham marriages in the UK. It was somewhat successful in dealing with sham marriages. The procedure was such that those without leave or with 3 or 6 months remaining at their application time were automatically denied marrying permission. This translated to a reduction on reports of sham marriages as shown in the table below: Year Received application Issued Denied 2005 13,865 9,725 2,092 2006 17,955 14,569 1,024 2007 17,316 14,518 409 2008 18,720 16,114 734 2009 24,042 19,835 1,517 2010 23,052 13,749 876 From this statistics, the number of marriages fell by 10 percent between 2004 and 2005. This was as a result of the introduction of certificate of approval that was aimed at reduction on the number of sham marriages. The introduction made it impossible for sham marriages to thrive hence the reduction in the number of marriage in those said years. However this has met a lot of opposition from the human rights activist who consider it a violation of human rights thus leading to its eventual abolition in totality. Since 2003, there have been several changes to rules of immigration increasing the period from I year to 2 years for one to settle in the UK on the basis of marriage. This period later increased to five years in 2012 in give a better test of relationship genuineness so that settlement in the UK can be based on the relationship. Several operations have resulted in arrests of different nationals in relation to sham marriages. The following are some of the results of people experiences in relation to the arrest on sham marriages. In an operation between the Dutch government and the UK that was aimed at arresting Dutch nationals who were in collusion with some Nigerian nationals in order to allow them stay in the UK. This led to around 130 arrests in both countries with 77 convictions on sham marriages some serving a jail term of up to 100 years for the crime. This led to extradition of Dutch nationals for colluding to fraud the immigration authorities in sham marriages arrangements. This operation also revealed other crimes that were committed by these individuals who engage in sham marriages. Some of the crime uncovered includes money laundering, sexual assault and human trafficking.Factors that contribute to such behaviors by minoritiesCriminology scholars have divergent views on terrorism and organized crim e with some describing them as two different crime forms. Terrorism is chiefly driven by ideology and the need for a political revolution. On the other hand, organized crime focuses on acquisition of economic profit through illegal market mechanisms. In recent years there have been efforts to link the two criminal activities. This started after the discovery that proceeds made from sales of drugs by some criminal gangs were used to fund terrorist activities. This was as an effort to advance a particular political agenda. Terrorism therefore benefited from organized crime in the sense that they got funding or their activities of the illegal businesses operated by these criminal gangs. The symbiotic relationship between organized crime and terrorism has been in existence spanning numerous of decades. Because of the absence of financial means of supporting terrorist activities, the terrorists involve themselves in different forms of lucrative crimes through organized crime. The denial by authorities on accessing means to conduct the terrorist activities, there involvement in crime is a way to procure the means of carrying out their activities. Numerous ways of human exploitation and participation in illegal markets are prerequisites of carrying out successful terrorist activities. Crime therefore has become a means to an end for terrorist because of lack of enough financing sources. Following the attack on the United States in September 2011 close links have been made between terrorism and transnational organized crime, money laundering, illegal drug and arms trafficking. It is the collaboration between illegal arms traffickers and terrorists that is fueling the terrorism activities even more. This is because the terrorists use the acquired firearms and nuclear bombs to instigate their terror activities thus promoting their political or religious agenda. There is increasing concern in an effort to understand the way terrorist fund their activities through criminal activities. These efforts are to solve and to find mechanisms to prevent or even disrupt these criminal activities in order to prevent terrorism. Most of these organized criminal activities like member recruitment, violence incitation, hiding of sources of funding and fundraising have been criminalized all over the world. Emerging forms of terrorism today are based on markets of violence and illicit economies. This has been influenced by the increasing conflicts between the world superpowers. The terrorist groups are able to gain advantage by exerting violence more in an effort to gain some reputation as being a violent group of people. The terrorists are able to finance their activities through shadow economies. The shadow economies are driven by their own by laws setting standards for themselves on smuggling and trafficking. The shadow economies created by these terror gr oups are also controlled by the demand for their illegal merchandise. The shadow economies are concerned with immigrant trafficking, drug markets, money laundering In recent years there has been an emergence of transnational communities that interact beyond specific geographical boundaries in solidarity. The emergence of these transnational communities of criminal will be the focus of this research paper with an in-depth analysis of Russian Mafia groups and their relationship to Terrorism. These organized crime groups have a clear set of networks and scamming that have explored new forms of violence. They have abundant resource for recruitment. These organized criminal gangs have developed some sophisticated organizational system where their intention is to dominate a place then champion for their own political agenda. Another strategy they employ is Internationalization where their ideologies are spread across borders thereby getting more followers hence promoting their terror activities. The gangs are sophisticated in terms of strategies and tactics. This entails the adoption of a new technology and weaponry in their activities. The convergence between terrorism and organized crime occurs through networking and cross border networks. This is done through huge investments and physical infrastructure rather through hierarchical organization. These networks offer the criminals flexibility, diversity and low visibility to the authorities. The network core values are enhanced by trust between its members and shared religious or other values. Despite the numerous reservations terror groups have as regards to their ideology and calling, they still participate in drug trade despite their blatant disregard of criminal activities. The terror groups are driven by the ideology mostly religion believes in their acts of terror being a calling from God. Through these ideologies, terrorists are able to attach a cause for their motive of engaging in the heinous acts. Most of the drugs originate from Middle East countries therefore the terrorist take advantage of the trade to finance their activities. In some instances, drugs are used as currency in committing acts of terrorism. The convergence between terrorism and organized crime occurs through networking and cross border networks. This is done through huge investments and physical infrastructure rather through hierarchical organization. These networks offer the criminals flexibility, diversity and low visibility to the authorities. The network core values are enhanced by trust between its members and shared religious or other values. Numerous ways of human exploitation and participation in illegal markets are prerequisites of carrying out successful terrorist activities. Crime therefore has become a means to an end for terrorist because of lack of enough financing sources. Following the attack on the United States in September 2011 close links have been made between terrorism and transnational organized crime, money laundering, illegal drug and arms trafficking. It is the collaboration between illegal arms traffickers and terrorists that is fueling the terrorism activities even more. This is because the t errorists use the acquired firearms and nuclear bombs to instigate their terror activities thus promoting their political or religious agenda. There is increasing concern in an effort to understand the way terrorist fund their activities through criminal activities. These efforts are to solve and to find mechanisms to prevent or even disrupt these criminal activities in order to prevent terrorism. Most of these organized criminal activities like member recruitment, violence incitation, hiding of sources of funding and fundraising have been criminalized all over the world. Emerging forms of terrorism today are based on markets of violence and illicit economies. This has been influenced by the increasing conflicts between the world superpowers. The network core values are enhanced by trust between its members and shared religious or other values. Numerous ways of human exploitation and participation in illegal markets are prerequisites of carrying out successful terrorist activities. Crime therefore has become a means to an end for terrorist because of lack of enough financing sources. Following the attack on the United State s in September 2011 close links have been made between terrorism and transnational organized crime, money laundering, illegal drug and arms trafficking. It is the collaboration between illegal arms traffickers and terrorists that is fueling the terrorism activities even more. The terrorist groups are able to gain advantage by exerting violence more in an effort to gain some reputation as being a violent group of people. The terrorists are able to finance their activities through shadow economies. The shadow economies are driven by their own bylaws setting standards for themselves on smuggling and trafficking. The shadow economies created by these terror groups are also controlled by the demand for their illegal merchandise. The shadow economies are concerned with immigrant trafficking, drug markets, money laundering. It is evident that there is a direct connection between organized crime and terrorism. Therefore, the different stakeholders must unite to fight vice there would be increased terrorism activities throughout the globe. A closer detailed look at the evidence linking terrorism and organized crime raise more speculation about the connection between the two vices. Organized crime will continue to provide the terrorists a continuous stream of income to finance their activities. The forms of crime that not so established terror groups might engage in are low yield and therefore may go undetected authorities. It is therefore a lesson to the authorities to make necessary efforts to try early and curb the terror activities. Poverty as a contributing factor to increase in sham marriagesThe Marxist ideology undermines conditions of production that are required to sustain the never ending capital accumulation. These production conditions include energy, soil, water, and so forth. They also include sufficient public systems of education, general infrastructures, and other services that are not directly produced by capital, but in order for them to accumulate effectively, need capital. When conditions of production get exhausted, the production costs for capital rise. As a result, this second contradiction creates an underproduction crisis trend, with substantial rising cost of labor and inputs, to balance the overproduction trend of too many commodities for too few customers. Similar to Marx’s ambiguity between capital and labor, this second contradiction thus threatens the existence of global equality. These inequalities in under consumption result to unnecessary consumption, a high debt rate and ba nkruptcy. For equality, Income needs be guaranteed and consequently markets will become unnecessary. Communities and elected governments will fairly decide upon the allocation of resources CITATION Sae02 l 1033 ( Saegert, Thompson, & Warren, 2002). Global over-consumption is a situation where use of resources overtakes the sustainable capacity of the environment. Global under-consumption arises due to insufficient consumer demand compared to the amount that got produced. The global imbalance between these two causes widespread problems. Most under-consumption within the globe system is caused by social inequity and economic deprivation. In a world reliant on money, hunger is mainly caused by poverty. Since economic deprivation is a prime cause, not only is economic justice a crucial merit in itself but a vital condition of ecological integrity. The human population has been over consuming, using and abusing the natural resources to points where society is at crossroads. Therefore, as a global population, we are on the verge of unsustainability and extinction. The state subsidies and some global companies distort provision of less nutritious foods by use of liberalist markets. The media emphasize on advertising products with a high amount of sugar and fats. The inactive lifestyle in the present generation makes individuals be laid back with no exercises to do. In a particular aspect of overconsumption, we buy things not to cater for basic needs. We try to satisfy some cavities in our lives and to create prestige about ourselves CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). It is quite evident that deprivation as a result of low income early in life sets individuals on a pathway towards diminished occupational and educational achievement. These low income levels are harmful mainly because the expose the communities into environments that are extremely stressful. Low income communities face an astounding array of physical and psychosocial demands that place so much pressure on the capacities to adapt to life situations and tend to be toxic to the development of the brain and general self-esteem later on in adulthood CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). The distribution of income among communities in the world clearly shows the looming inequality with some people at the top of the income economy structure while some at the bottom. This translates into poor health, poverty, low levels of education, starvation and reduced levels of life expectancies. A substantial number of poor people in most low status communities live in abject poverty while some people are relatively well-off. There is a significant increase in the economic disparities between the poorest communities and the most affluent communities. This means that the gap between the average citizen in the poorest and the richest communities is growing wider and getting wider and so has the chronic stress associated with low income problems CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). From a sociological perspective social structures and social interaction present a crucial and basic understanding of how people in society interrelate and the importance of these relationships. Ideally, it has been argued that both social structures and social interactions are interdependent when it comes to establishing an individual’s identity. This essay will analyze the constant need for human beings to interact for existence while trying to strike a balance between social interaction and social structure in molding people’s identity as a low wage earner. Individuals growing up in low income communities demonstrate lower achievement in most social aspects of life because they are exposed to a wide range of risks. As a result, these risks build upon each other to elevate the levels of chronic stress within the human body and this chronic stress has a direct influence as it hinders overall performance like in academics by compromising the ability of these individuals to develop the required skills needed to better their lives on virtually all aspects of achievement CITATION Sae02 l 1033 ( Saegert, Thompson, & Warren, 2002). Low income communities are characteristic of people living in dire conditions and the political power and interests are often inconsiderate and insensitive and this is worsened the scenario as there is an increased level of diversion of resources. As a result of this, the people in this states lack access to basic health, education and food. Saegert ET all state that â€Å"Social relationships are structure inn society as a powerful determinant of the health status of all members of the society CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). Individuals from low income families lag behind their higher income counterparts essentially on almost all achievement measures and this gap tends to increase as time goes by. Besides failure by parents to invest adequate time in cognitively stimulating their children, chronic stress bears the potential to hinder the cognitive functioning of a child and also undermines the development skills that are required to enhance academic achievement. Torre states â€Å"Low-income parents’ chronic stress affects their kids through chronic activation of their children’s immune systems, which taxes available resources and has long-reaching effects.† Basically the entire surrounding environment of low income communities such as schools and homes is often chaotic as the residents as highly exposed to pollution, crowding, inadequate school buildings, noise, poor housing, exposure to crime and violence and high rates of family separation and divorce. Such extreme conditions produce chronic stress that is capable of damaging the brain areas associated with memory, attention and language which are the essential determinants for academic success. Growing up in such environments is highly associated with a significant increase in risk factors and it is this elevated risk that links chronic stress to low income communities. Young infants born into low income communities exhibit health trajectories that indicate elevated levels of chronic stress. There also exists a strong link between chronic stress and achievement. Low income and hence poverty often leads to lower occupational an academic achievement as a result of the numerous risks that children from low income communities which in turn has a negative effect of an individual’s cognitive abilities. Low income communities, including both adults and children face high levels of chronic stress because of the emotional and financial pressures associated with lack of food and access to health care, low wages, inadequate or in some cases lack of transportation and poor housing. Individuals from such communities are linked to chronic stress due difficulty in paying bills or job related demands. Most of them are stressed as a result of their poor health conditions due to lack of access to basic health care and even if they do it may be of low quality. Individuals from low income communities are often associated with low achievement school groups which in turn exposes the to lower life expectations, less capable friends or a less rigorous curriculum. All of these further them to a disadvantage and consequently generates even more significant between group gaps. Such splaying is also attributed to poorer health and cognitive deficits that is generated by chronic stress. As a result, this deficit in cognitive ability and poor health then repeatedly disadvantage Low income communities from one social setting to another. One reason for chronic stress in low income communities is that individuals within that setting lag behind than their high income peers because parents interact with their children in ways that are not conducive for overall achievement. Parents from low income communities tend to be unresponsive and harsh. Therefore despite the fact that low income parents often provide sufficient levels of encouragement and support, their harshness and unresponsiveness however trivial it may be is highly associated with the fact their children will experience a problematic parenting style hence chronic stress CITATION Mac09 l 1033 ( MacLeod, 2009). In essence, family poverty has an effect on stress and this is in one way or another promoted by being exposed to risk. As much as critics would want to find facts that relate risk exposure to poverty, it would be easier to take this psychological relation just as it is. In any case, it has been put down in documents by a couple of investigators that children from disadvantaged or financially unstable families have a relatively higher level of chronic stress as compared to other children. This conclusion was made after it was established that these children have very high levels of blood pressure. Other studies have as well established that these same children possess very high levels of chronic stress hormones, for instance, cortisol. This finding was coupled with the prevalence of overnight urinary stress hormones in a number of disadvantaged children. Wilkinson in his article states â€Å" An antipathy between hierarchical relations across inequalities of power, income, and statu s on the one hand, and supportive social relations between equals on the other, is likely to exert a powerful influence on health.† All these illustrations point to the fact that poverty has a direct linkage to stress. In essence, children from disadvantaged families have high levels of chronic stress. Chronic stress has a number of effects. The effects could either affect one directly or indirectly. The most common effect of chronic stress is its effect on achievement. Chronic stress, to a large extent, affects both the degree and the level of achievement. Several studies have indicated that a great portion of the brain is vulnerable to early childhood deprivation. Some of the parts of the brain that are in this particular category are the language long term memory, executive control as well as long term memory. For this reason, it is crystal clear that the level of achievement of a child is bound to be affected. This is because achievement, in today’s society is determined by education. Education excellence is as a result of good memory as well as diligence. In the case that the brain is affected due to stress for one reason or another, it becomes quite difficult for the child to succeed in future. Generally, it can be deduced that any disadvantages that crop up as a resul t of the social or economic set up that a child is in greatly affect the achievement of the child in question. Poor children are more often than not, exposed to areas that do not promote cognitive stimulation. This, together with the poor parenting styles they are exposed to, discourage achievement. In a nutshell, the physical form of stressors that low income communities face is well documented; individuals in low income communities are exposed to environmental conditions such as harmful waste, water pollution, toxins, ambient air, crowding, residential turnover, poor maintenance and sanitation of their neighborhood, crime and traffic congestion. The psychosocial stressors take the form of significantly higher family turmoil levels, violence, lower routine and structure levels in their lives and parental and family separation. It is therefore quite obvious that a combination and exposure to such factors will definitely lead to chronic stress. The social stratification in society is a leading cause of race relations.   Race and gender intersect with political and economic forces in such a way that any form of discrimination against them denies one equal rights to political participation, franchise and exercise of citizenship because of the underlying distinction. The specific experiences or discrimination that an individual undergoes may influence their rights to education, food, health care or shelter. It is through these dimensions that the relative positions of race and gender create layers of political and economic inequality. Feminism as a contributing factor                      Feminism has always occupied quite a contradicting and complicated place in the field of critical theory. Since ages of yonder, society has always been divided under patriarchal terms with men being fostered as the dominant species in virtually all aspects of life be it the basic level of family, political, economic and the most equivocal of all religious fields. Feminism is further branched out into four varieties nurturing the women’s feminism and how they feel about themselves in society. One, there is liberal feminism that which circumvents itself around educational terms with emphasis on gender bigotry being undertaken on the pretext of ignorance. Gender, on the other hand, refers to a range of characteristics that define and differentiate between femininity and masculinity. These characteristics include biological and sexual characteristics of either men or women and are constructed socially by societal principles. However, going by the recent years implications by laws instigated to govern such, women in society are currently being held with high regard though their existence in higher circles is minimal. Since most discourses varyingly examine and challenge the ideological machinations of conventional representation, semiosis and metaphysics feminism tends to be tied to post structuralism, psychoanalysis, deconstruction and Marxism. However, on the other hand, feminism has a simple understated difference from theoretical traditions. Among all the schools of thoughts, it is feminism alone that takes as its departure point both the subject of women and women as subjects. This does not however imply that other fields do not give attention to the subject of women but instead when they do, the terms that account for women tend to be essentially masculine, with women only functioning as the eccentricity or disruption of the norm being implied. The way women are affected by patriarchy is quite different in social affiliation irrespective of whether these differences are based on class, race or sexuality. In our daily living we get to feed into the many benefits that come with the development of the technological landscape with express emphasis on the use of the internet and social media platforms as interactive tools and relationship builders. Though it is considered as the best thing to have ever happened to humankind, it comes with massive repercussions as opposed to benefits with regards to corroding the personalities of our young generation who are the higher percentage engaged in the use of the internet and various social media platforms. New media is one of the most powerful communication platforms in technology but with its innumerable communication benefits it is being described as with regards male dominance on constructivist feminism. However, through the use of technologies, instant communication has been made po ssible through the offering messaging interfaces for technological support purposes thus building on stronger gender based interactions. In the future technological developers and psychologists could come together and come up with age restrictive technology platforms and technological gadgets specifically designed for educational purposes so as to actualize beneficial returns Of major importance to this subject matter is the fact that oppression of women is not popularly recognized because the allegiance of women to men often tends to supersede their allegiance to their fellow women from different classes. Although there are certain economic and social factors that separate human beings, it is within these same groups that women are isolated from each other. This intrinsic form of isolation among women themselves is what hinders growth within them because they size as group is not strong enough to have any influence in society. References   MacLeod, J. (2009). Ain’t No Makin’ It: Aspirations and Attainment in a Low-income Neighborhood. Westview Press. Saegert, S. J., Thompson, P., & Warren, M. R. (2002). Social Capital and Poor Communities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. A.K, M. (2011). Does Education increase Political Participation. Politics, 630-650. Charles, J. (2003). Citizenship and Ethnicity . Sociology, 431-457. Grills, A. E., & Ollendick, T. H. (2003). Multiple informant agreement and the anxiety disorders interview schedule for parents and children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30-40. Higham, J. (2002). Strangers in the Land; Patterns of American Nativism. New York: New York University Press. Jacobs, D. (2001). Immigrants in a Multicultural Sphere. Te Case of Brussels, 158-196. Janoski, T. (2010). The Ironies oF Citizenship. Naturalization and Integration in Industralized Countries, 189-275. Jekkins, R. (1990). Voting Rights. The Political Rights of Migrant Workers, 234-276. Lagos, T. (2010). Global Citizenship. Facts Behind Global Citizenship, 156-199. Marshall, ‎. (2004). Proposed Restriction of Immigration. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. Purcell, L. E. (2005). Immigration. Greenwood Publishing Group. Sydney, S. (2009). Democracy and Non-citizenship. Citizenship, 608-615. Burton, R. F. (2014).  First footsteps in east Africa; or, an exploration of Harar. Courier Corporation. Kelly, L., & Regan, L. (2000).  Stopping traffic: Exploring the extent of, and responses to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in the UK  (Vol. 36). Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit. Palriwala, R., & Uberoi, P. (2008). Exploring the links: Gender issues in marriage and migration.  Marriage, migration and gender,  5, 23-60. Dyrud, M. A. (2005, October). i brought you a good news†: An analysis of nigerian 419 letters. In  Proceedings of the 2005 Association for Business Communication Annual Convention  (pp. 20-25). Ojo, S., Nwankwo, S., & Gbadamosi, A. (2013). Ethnic entrepreneurship: the myths of informal and illegal enterprises in the UK.  Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,  25(7-8), 587-611. Turner, J. (2014). The Family Migration Visa in the History of Marriage Restrictions: Postcolonial Relations and the UK Border.  The British Journal of Politics & International Relations. Allen, W. What Kinds of Immigrants Come or Stay? Illegality and UK Tabloid Portrayal of Immigrants. Sabbe, A., Temmerman, M., Brems, E., & Leye, E. (2014). Forced marriage: an analysis of legislation and political measures in Europe.  Crime, Law and Social Change,  62(2), 171-189. Barker, N. (2012).  Not the marrying kind: A feminist critique of same-sex marriage. Palgrave Macmillan. Cornwall, A., & Jolly, S. (2009). Sexuality and the development industry.Development,  52(1), 5-12. Grillo, R. (2011). 3 Marriages, arranged and forced: The UK debate.  Gender, generations and the family in international migration, 77. England, K., & Stiell, B. (1997). † They think you’re as stupid as your English is†: constructing foreign domestic workers in Toronto.  Environment and Planning A,  29(2), 195-215. Hoag, C. (2010). The magic of the populace: an ethnography of illegibility in the South African immigration bureaucracy.  PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review,  33(1), 6-25. Spencer, J., Aromaa, K., Junninen, M., Markina, A., Saar, J., & Vijanen, T. (2006).  Organised crime, corruption and the movement of people across borders in the new enlarged EU: A case study of Estonia, Finland and the UK. 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Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Works of Hemingway and Remarque essays

Works of Hemingway and Remarque essays In both books, A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, and All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, the subject of war is seen in two strikingly different perspectives. War was thought to be productive and necessary by the older generation and central political figures, but when one hears the viewpoint of the young men who actually had to encounter it, it is a much different story. War affects the lives of people in ways that the average person cannot even begin to comprehend. The end result of the war produced a group of men coming home, who were so disillusioned and lost that they were referred to as The Lost Generation. Ernest Hemingway can find an example of the Lost Generation in the book, A Farewell to Arms. The main character, Lieutenant Frederick Henry was a prime candidate for the Lost Generation of men. Henry, who was an ambulance driver on the Italian Front found through harsh experiences, that war was not at all promising and glorious as he had thought, but that it was unessicary and truly horrible. After he had become ill and gotten out of the war, Henry felt that there was just no points to it, and he was exhausted. Hemingway wrote many different accounts of post- war experiences, and the lost generation of men that it produced. A book that is filled with references and description of the Lost Generation is All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque. Remarque, who himself had been drafted into the German army, came out completely lost and disillusioned. He went through many different jobs, not knowing what he wanted out of life anymore. Like Remarque, Paul, the main character of All Quiet, went into the war full of hopes and dreams of the life he would someday live. He was just a young boy, and was forced to serve in a war, which he hardly even knew or cared anything about. During the war, Paul went through so many terrible and shocking experiences that he knew woul...

Monday, October 21, 2019

France Essays

France Essays France Essay France Essay Social landscape France has Rupees second-highest birth rate, and has shown an upward trend since the sass. Frances birth rate of around two children per woman in 2010 makes it one of only two European countries that could maintain their current population based on present trends. The problem of an aging population is becoming more apparent. Additional government expenditure between now and 2050 due to increased pensions, healthcare, and dependency care related to the aging population is predicted to be more than 4% of GAP. Technological landscape France has a favorable innovation climate, which is reflected in the large number of patents received. In 2010, the total number of patents received from the US Patent and Trademark Office (SPOT) reached 124,723, which indicates the countrys strong support for innovation and R. The governments interventionist attitude, as seen in the case of Internet advertising, and the ongoing withdrawal of business-friendly schemes like the Young Innovative Company (YOGIC) concept will affect Industrial growth, and could reduce investments In the country. Legal landscape Foreign investments increased by 22% In 2010, with 782 projects leading to nearly 32,000 Jobs, an increase of 6% compared to 2009. Many of these projects were related to the renewable energy sector. In 2010, foreign companies based In France created two million Jobs. Many of the governments tax and labor reforms have been met with cynicism and public protests. The government Is planning to Increase weekly working hours to 39 from the current 35 and abolish the wealth tax Limp ¶t De solidarity © sure la fortune. However, these moves are bound to face public outrage and demonstration. :

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Henry J. Raymond

Henry J. Raymond Henry J. Raymond, political activist and journalist, founded the New York Times in 1851 and served as its dominant editorial voice for nearly two decades. When Raymond launched the Times, New York City was already home to thriving newspapers edited by prominent editors such as Horace Greeley and James Gordon Bennett. But the 31-year-old Raymond believed he could provide the public with something new, a newspaper devoted to honest and reliable coverage without overt political crusading. Despite Raymonds deliberately moderate stance as a journalist, he was always quite active in politics. He was prominent in Whig Party affairs until the mid-1850s, when he became an early supporter of the new anti-slavery Republican Party. Raymond and the New York Times helped bring Abraham Lincoln to national prominence after his February 1860 speech at Cooper Union, and the newspaper supported Lincoln and the Union cause throughout the Civil War. Following the Civil War, Raymond, who had been the chairman of the National Republican Party, served in the House of Representatives. He was involved in a number of controversies over Reconstruction policy and his time in Congress was extremely difficult. Habitually afflicted by overwork, Raymond died of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age  of 49. His legacy was the creation of the New York Times and what amounted to a new style of journalism focused on the honest presentation of both sides of critical issues. Early Life Henry Jarvis Raymond was born in Lima, New York, on January 24, 1820. His family owned a prosperous farm and young Henry received a good childhood education. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1840, though not after becoming dangerously ill from overwork.   While in college he began to contribute  essays to a magazine edited by Horace Greeley. And after college he secured a job working for Greeley at his new newspaper, the New York Tribune. Raymond took to city journalism, and became indoctrinated with the idea that newspapers should perform a social service. Raymond befriended a young man in the Tribunes business office, George Jones, and the two began to think about forming their own newspaper. The idea was put on hold while Jones went to work for a bank in Albany, New York,  and Raymonds career took him to other newspapers and deepening involvement with Whig Party politics. In 1849, while working for a New York City newspaper, the Courier and Examiner, Raymond  was elected to the New York State legislature. He  was soon elected speaker of the assembly, but was determined to launch his own newspaper. In early 1851 Raymond was conversing with his friend George Jones in Albany, and they finally decided to start  their own newspaper. Founding of the New York Times With some investors from Albany and New York City, Jones and Raymond set about finding an office, purchasing a new Hoe printing press, and recruiting staff. And on September 18, 1851 the first edition appeared. On page two of the first issue Raymond issued a lengthy statement of purpose under the headline A Word About Ourselves. He explained that the paper was priced at one cent so as to obtain a large circulation and corresponding influence. He also took issue with speculation and gossip about the new paper which had circulated throughout the summer of 1851. He mentioned that the Times was rumored to be supporting several different, and contradictory, candidates. Raymond spoke eloquently about how the new paper would address issues, and he seemed to be making reference to the two dominant temperamental editors of the day, Greeley of the New York Tribune and Bennett of the New York Herald: We do not mean to write as if we were in a passion, unless that shall really be the case; and we shall make it a point to get into a passion as rarely as possible. There are very few things in this world which it is worthwhile to get angry about; and they are just the things that anger will not improve. In controversies with other journals, with individuals, or with parties, we shall engage only when, in our opinion, some important public interest can be promoted thereby; and even then, we shall endeavor to rely more upon fair argument than upon misrepresentation or abusive language. The new newspaper was successful, but its first years were difficult. Its hard to imagine the New York Tijmes as the scrappy upstart, but thats what it was as compared to Greeleys Tribune or Bennetts Herald. An incident from the early years of the Times demonstrates the competition among New York City newspapers at the time. When the steamship Arctic sank in September 1854, James Gordon Bennett arranged to have an interview with a survivor. Editors at the Times thought it unfair that Bennett and the Herald would have an exclusive interview, as the newspapers tended to cooperate in such matters. So the Times managed to get the earliest copies of the Heralds interview and set it in type and rushed their version out to the street first. By 1854 standards, the New York Times had essentially hacked the more established Herald. The antagonism between Bennett and Raymond percolated for years. In a move that would surprise those familiar with the modern New York Times, the newspaper published a mean-spirited ethnic caricature of Bennett in December 1861. The front-page cartoon depicted Bennett, who had been born in Scotland, as a devil playing a bagpipe. Talented Journalist Though Raymond was only 31 when he began editing the New York Times, he was already an accomplished journalist known for solid reporting skills and an astounding ability to not only write well but write very fast. Many stories were told about Raymonds ability to write quickly in longhand, immediately handing the pages to compositors who would set his words into type. A famous example was when the politician and great orator Daniel Webster died in October 1852. On October 25, 1852, the New York Times published a lengthy biography of Webster running to 26 columns. A  friend and colleague of Raymonds later recalled that Raymond had written 16 columns of it himself. He essentially wrote three complete pages of a daily newspaper in a few hours, between the time the news arrived by telegraph and the time the type had to go to press. Besides being an inordinately talented writer, Raymond loved the competition of city journalism. He guided the Times when they battled to be first on stories, such as when the steamship Arctic sank in September 1854 and all the papers were scrambling to get the news. Support for Lincoln In the early 1850s Raymond, like many others, gravitated to the new Republican Party as the Whig Party essentially dissolved. And when Abraham Lincoln began to rise to prominence in Republican circles, Raymond recognized him as having presidential potential. At the 1860 Republican convention, Raymond supported the candidacy of fellow New Yorker William Seward. But once Lincoln was nominated Raymond, and the New York Times, supported him. In 1864 Raymond was very active at the Republican National Convention at which Lincoln was renominated and Andrew Johnson added to the ticket. During that summer Raymond wrote to Lincoln expressing his fear that Lincoln would lose in November. But with military victories in the fall, Lincoln won a second term. Lincolns second term, of course, only lasted six weeks. Raymond, who had been elected to Congress, found himself generally at odds with the more radical members of his own party, including Thaddeus Stevens. Raymonds time in Congress was generally disastrous. It was often observed that his success in journalism did not extend to politics, and he would have been better off to stay out of politics entirely. The Republican Party did not renominate Raymond to run for Congress in 1868. And by that time he was exhausted from the constant internal warfare in the party.   On the morning of Friday, June 18, 1869, Raymond died, of an apparent cerebral hemorrhage, at his home in Greenwich Village.  The next days New York Times was published with thick black mourning borders between the columns on page one. The newspapers story announcing his death began: It is our sad duty to announce the death of Mr. Henry J. Raymond, the founder and editor of the Times, who died suddenly at his residence yesterday morning of an attack of apoplexy. The intelligence of this painful event, which has robbed American journalism of one of its more eminent supporters, and deprived the nation of a patriotic statesman, whose wise and moderate counsels can ill be spared at the present juncture of affairs, will be received with deep sorrow throughout the country, not alone by those who enjoyed his personal friendship, and shared his political convictions, but by those also who knew him only as a journalist and public man. His death will be felt as a national loss. Legacy of Henry J. Raymond Following the death of Raymond, the New York Times endured. And the ideas advanced by Raymond, that newspapers should report both sides of an issue and show moderation, eventually became standard in American journalism. Raymond was often criticized for not being able to make up his mind about about an issue, unlike his competitors Greeley and Bennett. He addressed that quirk of his own personality directly: If those of my friends who call me a waverer  could only know how impossible it is for me to see but one aspect of a question, or to espouse but one side of a cause, they would pity rather than condemn me; and however much I may wish myself differently constituted, yet I cannot unmake the original structure of my mind. His death at such a young age came as a shock to New York City and especially its journalistic community. The following day the main competitors of the New York Times, Greeleys Tribune and Bennetts Herald, printed heartfelt  tributes to Raymond.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Product, Sales and Marketing Orientation at Kelloggs Assignment

Product, Sales and Marketing Orientation at Kelloggs - Assignment Example The sales strategy is directly based on forecasting and predicting the future demand and supply for a particular product. Extensive research encompassing both primary and secondary research is used to forecast the demand for a particular product. The forecast is used to derive the sales strategy. This type of sales strategy helps in generating a realistic demand for the product and also enables better achievement of the sales targets. The market orientation of Kellogg’s is towards creating more value in the brand and establishes the brand as a formidable entity in the market. It also adopts a brand based product strategy that allows it to target multiple consumer segments (Wayne's State University, n.d.) Types of needs, wants and demands Kellogg’s Customers The demands as well as needs and wants for Kellogg’s consumers are constantly changing. ... In the case of Kellogg’s this assumes even more significance considering the fact that the product category is such that the demands of the consumers are changing rapidly. Also, there is a huge competition in the market that makes it necessary to conduct market research. Market research can help the company understand the actual demands of the consumers as well as gaps in the product offering so as to formulate a product offering the fills the gaps in customer expectations that is the key element to success (Nykiel, 2003, p.18). Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Qualitative research involves analyzing data without using number while qualitative research involves the use of numbers to undertake a statistical analysis of the data. The questions used in qualitative research are probing in nature while those of quantitative are not probing in nature. The sample size in qualitative research is also smaller as compared to quantitative research where the sample size is larger. Qualitative researches are also less prone to replicate that is the findings cannot be generalized while the case is the reverse in case of quantitative research analysis methods.     

Outline the development of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity from Research Paper

Outline the development of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity from the New Testament Church to the Nicene Creed - Research Paper Example Theological opinions on the foundation of the doctrine of the Trinity vary amongst two extremes. Trinity has no basis in the Bible, in contrast, it states that Trinity is clear in the New Testament. A summary of the tertiary writings validates the latter position, and yet still represented by conventional theologians, is largely submitted from the central point that the doctrine of the Trinity was understood in the scriptures and was made clear by the advances of the church fathers (Humphreys, 20) The conclusion of the historians is that the doctrine was not original. The interconnections between history and theology are of specific importance in view of the doctrine development, but conventionally there has been comparatively little exchange of ideas between the two principles. The second fact considered by the education theologians is that no organized expositions of the doctrine might be observed in the New Testament, Roman Catholic shares this opinion, Protestant, eastern orthodox theologians, and by liberal, moderate and conservative theologians. By saying this, they imply that the new testament does not have formal and official statements of Trinity, does not have passages where the subject of debate is Trinity, does not have refutations of subordination, and tritheism and modalism as Trinitarian errors. Lastly, words such as one, the Trinity or God used as one-and-the-same being collectively did not exist in the New Testament. Christians do claim that it might be prese nted in the bible educates that the God is the father, the son, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit, implying that God is one (PARSENIOS, 400) In explaining their claims, the opposers and proponents of the Trinity that is not present in the New Testament have formed two strategies to support their allegations. The first plan was to conduct an exegesis of particular passages in the New Testament. A good example was seen in the essay by Warfield, he validated

Friday, October 18, 2019

E Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E Business - Essay Example This report will focus some major e-business concern that the Sage administration can use to assess the ROI on e-business implementation. The report will also focus various aspects of the business that will have a positive impact on adapting the suggested e-business model. Putting it simple Dave (2009, p. 4) states, â€Å"E-business has introduced new opportunities for small and large organizations to compete in the global market place.† The trend of using information in getting the competitive advantage is getting more and more acceptability by intelligent business managers. In a fast pace business environment today the intelligent use of information can provide an edge in decision making process. Business profitability heavily relies on the decisions that the management has to takes in nick of time. A good decision can bring more business to the company and a bad decision can play havoc with the business. The sell-side of boutique business has special concern for ensuring an d maximizing its item display management. Moreover, the emerging trends in fashion industry can have a very positive impact on decision making process. The increasing number of young online users is of special interest for boutique business as it can promote its business objectives rather easily by engaging this lot. Dave (2009, p. 4) has also pointed out this when he states, â€Å"In 2006, the global number of internet users passed 1 billion for the first time and in many countries over half the adult population is online.† The e-business model is a complete solution. It includes several internal and external system modules to cover the business operations. The internal system modules such as Human Resource Management (HRM), Finance, Stock Control or Inventory Management, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Supply Chain Management (SCM) etc and the external system modules such as Customer Care Management, Display Services, Orders Management, Trends Management System etc. form part of this e-business model. These internal and external systems are part of Knowledge Management (KM) system which provides decision support to the managers. Wei et. al.(2011, p. 235) has pointed out the use of this KM model, â€Å"By support of basic system modules, perfect KM could finish the process to collect, arrange, spread and apply the knowledge.† The e-business model for boutique is supposed to provide decision support through focused and targeted information for sell and buy side operations of the business. Some basic features and recommendations of such KM system are outlined in the following lines; (a) The system development phases should be properly outlined and a strict timeline should be followed for gradual migration on e-business information systems. (b) Priority should be assigned to the modules which have a direct impact on business growth. (c) E-sell (the selling side of the e-business) must offer the convenience that can move the customer to e-bu siness and customer should find it easy, effective and rapid to purchase goods online then coming all the way to boutique outlets. (d) E-sell order placement should be very convenient and proper feedback mechanism should be in place to keep close contact with the customer. (e) The objective of facilitating customer should remain the top priority of e-sell system and it functional aspect should not cause delay. (f) The customer time engagement should be minimized. (g) The minimal input required forms

Social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social policy - Essay Example aissez-faire, i.e., be completely inactive whether in positive or negative way, or it can be highly interventionist having a well defined pattern of action or may have just a supervisory role. A Welfare state is a channel of expression of power – â€Å"through politics and administration† (Pierson and Francis, 2006, p.16). Depending upon the existing market structure, the state decides its welfare policy. This means that welfare policy is based on the problem caused by market power, so, there is a high correlation between the prevailing market power and welfare policy of the state. Keeping this fact in mind, we will study the changing welfare policy scenario in UK corresponding to its rapidly transforming economic and social conditions between the early 1940’s to the 20th century. The journey of UK from the 18-19th century to its current stature has been immense. In the early 18th century, UK was largely an agricultural economy in which the laborers had complete decision making powers regarding work. Market power was non-existent and thus, so was state welfare. It all started with the â€Å"Industrial Revolution† (Mokyr, 1985, p.39) in the 18th century. The agricultural economy started gradually to turn into an industrial giant. The immediate consequences were â€Å"rapid migration from rural to suburban areas in search of employment, a drastic increase in population in the urban areas and thus, a total upside down juggling of existing condition.† (Pierson and Francis, 2006, pp. 20-22).Due to this rise in population, a need for proper sanitation, housing, and healthcare was felt as these were in deplorable state. Along with these, the state wanted to protect these factory workers from being exploited by the industrialists as well as from the clu tches of abject poverty. So, it decided to make its presence more emphatic. The political scenario in this period is also of immense importance as it can explain why the state implemented respective measures. During this

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Challenges facing ESL - High School students in acquisition of writing Essay

Challenges facing ESL - High School students in acquisition of writing and communication skills - Essay Example Challenges facing ESL- High School students in acquisition of writing and communication skills Challenges faced by ESL students differ depending on the above listed classification. The immigrants are considered to be likely to experience least amount of challenges because they have already received formal education in their native countries that included learning English as a foreign language. They usually visit English speaking countries out of their own personal choices hence more prepared for the challenges ahead. In most cases, they have decent family background marked by intact family units and financial stability. Despite these factors, such students still face challenges such as difficulties in adapting to the new culture, conflict of cultures in terms of what is learnt at home and what is learnt at the new school, varying abilities in the understanding of the English language and conflict in terms of what s learnt and practiced at home and the nee foreign schools. International students are characterized by the fact that they are in foreign schools for purpose of pursuing their studies on a temporary basis. They are driven by the passion to learn English and get integrated into the new culture. In most cases, they have already studied English as foreign language at their lower levels of study in their countries of origin and are usually well educated in other spheres of life.